Informatics Publishing Limited

Muhammad Uzair Khan ¹, Kanwal Nazim ², Moinuddin Ahmed ¹, Syed Shahid Shaukat ³, Sikander Khan Sherwani ⁴

Affiliations
1 Marine Reference Collection and Resource Center,University of Karachi,Pakistan
2 Marine Reference Collection and Resource Centre, University of Karachi, Pakistan
3 Laboratory of Dendrochronology and Plant Ecology, Department of Botany, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology Karachi, Pakistan
4 Department of Microbiology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology Karachi, Pakistan

Abstract

The Various industrial wastes contain organic matter and some essential nutrients which are needed for the normal plant growth. This study evaluates the effects of biological recycling of fiber industry sludge and its ash in different concentrations i.e. sludge 25 and 50g/6kg and ash 25 and 50g/6kg of some plants. Seed germination, seedling growth, survival, and dry weight of shoots and ischolar_mains of three test species: Zea mays and Phaseolus lanatus (crop species) and Trifolium alexandrianum L. (fodder species) were observed. Heavy metal accumulation in soil and plant dry biomass was also analyzed. The results showed that plant species responded differently in different treatments. The results of ANOVA described that the seed germination and other growth parameters of all species were significantly suppressed at 50 g ash treatment. The highly sensitive response of shoot and ischolar_main growth was determined in P.lanatus. However, dry weights of shoots and ischolar_mains of T.alexandrianum were significantly reduced in all treatments. The analysis of heavy metals showed significantly high concentration in soil (P<0.001), while the accumulation of heavy metals in plants' dry biomass was also significantly different among treatments. It is highly recommended that industrial sludge and ashes must be properly checked before applying in any crop field as organic substitute. This study provides crucial information regarding quality and quantity of nutrients necessary prior to suggesting the suitability of an industrial waste as a fertilizer.

Keywords

Fiber Industry Sludge ,ash,plant Species

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Muhammad Uzair Khanj ¹, Kanwal Nazim ¹, Moinuddin Ahmed ², Syed Shahid Shaukat ²

Affiliations
1 Marine Reference Collection and Resource Centre, University of Karachi, PK
2 Laboratory of Dendrochronology and Plant Ecology Department of Botany and Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi, PK

Abstract

One of the recent trends in waste management is to recycle the industrial waste for useable products. For this purpose fiber, chemical and marble industrial wastes were used to investigate the potential of these wastes for conventional block making. The effects of industrial wastes in concrete blocks were pragmatic. The concentrations of heavy metals Co, Mn, Fe, Zn and Pb in both sludge-ashes and marble waste powder have been analyzed. The physical properties of blocks including weight, density, specific gravity, compressive strengths and percentage of water absorption were examined. As a second part of experiment leachate was obtained after soaking the blocks in distilled water for 24 hours. The physical parameters of water (leachate) such as color, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, salinity and dissolved oxygen were determined by Sension 105 multiparameter while above mentioned heavy metals were analyzed by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (model PG 990) to check the possible water contamination by heavy metals during the rainy season due to any seepage. Significantly higher compressive strengths 14.48 ± 0.7 N/rnm2, 13.5 ± 0.4 N/mm2 and 12.53 ± 0.16 N/mm2 were recorded in M8a, F2a and M7a respectively. Fiber industry sludge-ash and marble waste powder have potential in terms of cohesive properties in the preparation ofblocks. These light weight blocks were found more durable; absorb lesser amount of water and more cheaper/economic as compared to standard commercial construction blocks available in the market. It is concluded that these blocks are not only stronger than available commercial blocks but environmentally safe to be used in roads, buildings construction, boundary walls, filling material etc.

Keywords

Industrial Waste, Construction Blocks

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Syed Shahid Shaukat ¹, Kanwal Nazim ², Muhammad Uzair Khan ², Qadeer Muhammad Ali ², Moinuddin Ahmed ³

Affiliations
1 Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Karachi, PK
2 Marine Reference Collection and Resource Centre, University of Karachi, PK
3 Laboratory of Dendrochronology and Plant Ecology, Department of Botany Federal Urdu University Karachi, PK

Abstract

Mangrove cover along the coast of Pakistan is decreasing day by day due to various disturbances particularly harvesting and cutting. Therefore, there is a need to observe changes in population of mangrove with known and unknown disturbance history. The present study deals with the population structure and dynamics of a dominant mangrove species Avicennia marina with a complete life table from seedling to mature trees in Pakistani coast. The causes and factors for the variation in six stages were also determined that predict the population structure after small and large scale disturbances. The survival (lx) of individuals of A. marina showed a gradual decline from seedling to mature trees at all locations. However, there was a rapid decline from seedling to juvenile stages at all sites. In disturbed stands population of seedlings showed lesser density compared to undisturbed areas. It is hoped that this study will help in the management and conservation planning of mangrove forests at the coastal areas of Pakistan.

Keywords

Population Structure, Avicennia marina, Life Table, Survival (lx), Juvenile

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Syed Shahid Shaukat ¹, Uday singh Rawat ¹, Rajiv Kumar ²

Affiliations
1 Research Scholar Singhania University, Rajasthan, IN
2 Research Supervisor, Pt. N. R. S.Govt. College, Rohtak, Haryana, IN

Abstract

In this paper reliability and economic measures of a cloud system having independent h/w and s/w failure. For this purpose, a reliability model is developed considering cloud system as a single unit. A perfect server is provided to do preventive maintenance, repair and replacement of the components upon their failures immediately, can not leave the system during job. After a maximum operation time the unit undergoes for preventive maintenance directly from normal mode. If repair of the component is not possible up to a pre-specific time (called Maximum Repair Time), the components are replaced by new one with some replacement time. However, only replacement of the software components by new one is made after failures. The failure time of the components follow negative exponential distribution, while the distributions of preventive maintenance, repair and replacement time are taken as arbitrary with different probability density functions. The switches are perfect. Various reliability indices are obtained using semi-Markov process and regenerative point technique. Graphs are drawn for a particular case to depict the behavior of MTSF, availability and profit function.

Keywords

Reliability modeling, Cloud system, Maximum operation and repair times, Semi-Markov process

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